Legal Terms You Should Know (Even If You’re Not in Trouble)

Legal language can feel like a foreign language—until you're suddenly in a situation where it matters. Whether you're signing a contract, going through a family matter, or simply trying to understand your rights, having a basic grasp of legal terminology can make a major difference.

At Sutton & Lovette Law Offices, we believe legal understanding shouldn't be limited to lawyers. Here are essential legal terms you should know, even if you’re not in legal trouble.

1. Plaintiff

The plaintiff is the person or party who files a lawsuit. In criminal cases, the plaintiff is typically the government or district attorney. In civil cases, it’s the individual or entity claiming they were harmed.

2. Defendant

The defendant is the person or entity being sued or accused in a legal case. This term applies in both civil and criminal law.Step 3: Preliminary Hearing.

3. Subpoena

A subpoena is a legal document ordering someone to appear in court or produce documents. Ignoring a subpoena can lead to penalties or contempt charges.

To learn more about Subpeona, click here.

4. Deposition

A deposition is a formal, sworn statement taken outside of court. Attorneys ask questions, and the answers are recorded for use in court proceedings.

5. Testimony

Testimony refers to a witness’s spoken statement given under oath during a trial or hearing. This can be used as evidence in legal proceedings.

6. Settlement

A settlement is an agreement reached between parties in a legal dispute before a case goes to trial—or during trial to avoid a final verdict. In civil matters, settlements often involve monetary compensation.

7. Plea

In criminal law, a plea is a defendant’s formal response to charges. Common pleas include:

• Guilty

• Not Guilty

• No Contest (Nolo Contendere)

Each plea has different implications for your rights and legal outcome.

8. Discovery

Discovery is the pre-trial phase where each side exchanges information, documents, and evidence. It ensures transparency and gives both parties a chance to build their case.

9. Injunction

An injunction is a court order that requires a party to do—or stop doing—something. This can include staying away from a person, halting business practices, or stopping construction.

10. Power of Attorney

A power of attorney allows you to legally authorize someone else to make decisions on your behalf—financial, medical, or otherwise. It’s a key tool in estate planning.

11. Probate

Probate is the legal process of validating a will and distributing a person’s estate after death. If no will exists, the court determines how assets are divided according to state law.

12. Expungement

Expungement is the legal process of erasing or sealing a criminal record. Not all charges are eligible, but expungement can help restore job and housing opportunities.

13. Statute of Limitations

This is the legal time limit for bringing a lawsuit or criminal charge. Once the time runs out, you may lose your right to pursue legal action.

To learn more about Statute of Limitations, click here.

14. Retainer

A retainer is an upfront payment made to secure a lawyer’s services. It may cover future work or be billed against as services are rendered.

Why These Terms Matter

You don’t need to be in court to encounter legal terms. Whether you're reviewing a lease, considering a will, or responding to a notice, understanding the basics helps you make informed decisions—and avoid costly mistakes.

Legal terms can be intimidating, but clarity is power. At Sutton & Lovette, we help clients understand every part of the legal process so they can move forward with confidence.

Need Legal Guidance?

If you have questions about a legal issue or just want help understanding a contract, our team is here to support you. Contact Sutton and Lovette today!